Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research

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2010-01-01

Editorial Board/Table of Contents

2010-01-01

Data-driven welfare issues and abstracts for the 2009 IVBM

Karen L. Overall — 2010-01-01

This issue of the journal should have something for everyone. The main papers focus on horses, the research note focuses on working dogs and the proceedings expand our knowledge of many species.

Research note: Installation of videorecording equipment had minimal effect on behavioral measurements in 14 kenneled military dogs

Diane Lefebvre, Eric Depiereux, Jean-Marie Giffroy, Claire Diederich — 2010-01-01

Abstract: We quantified the behavioral perturbation induced in kenneled dogs using a classical procedure of video equipment installation. Using 14-minute sessions of videorecording, 136hours of recordings were collected from 14 healthy, individually housed Malinois shepherds. Our results show that dogs trotted, jumped, and ran more during the first 2minutes of recording. These behaviors suggest an intense but brief agitation following installation of the video equipment. These results lead us to advise researchers, when studying the behavior of kenneled dogs by videotaping, to evaluate the duration of perturbations stemming from their particular experimental procedure and to carefully examine it.

Characterization of equine vocalization

Rebecca Lyn Pond, Michael J. Darre, Peter M. Scheifele, Dave G. Browning — 2010-01-01

Abstract: Bioacoustics is the study of sound in animals and includes, but is not limited to, animal communication with associated behavior, sound production anatomy and neurophysiology, auditory capacities and auditory mechanisms, and animal welfare. The present research investigates the vocalizations of horses during stressful situations. Stress can be positive or negative. Distress is anything that affects the animal in a negative way, such as in mare and foal separation. Eustress is anything that affects the animal in a positive way, such as morning feeding time in a horse barn. The purpose of the current research is to find spectral differences in the recorded vocalizations of stalled horses that indicate both distress and eustress using the Hidden Markov Model (HMM). Greenwood Function Cepstral Coefficient values suggest that there are spectral differences between vocalizations in a distress and eustress situation. These consistent results indicate that further research to obtain and evaluate vocalizations of horses may provide a productive tool in understanding equine welfare.

Anti-insect defensive behaviors in equines post-West Nile virus infection

Linsey R. Cozzie, William S. Irby — 2010-01-01

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV), a zoonotic mosquito transmitted Flavivirus, has had significant health effects on horses in the United States, with over 23,000 United States equine cases since the disease was first recognized in 1999. Previous research has focused on how this disease progresses and affects equids days to weeks post infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if permanent equine behavioral changes had occurred in horses that had recovered from acute West Nile fever or encephalitis. Specifically, we examined if surviving this disease caused changes in the defensive behaviors of the animal against biting and stinging insects, presumably because of neurological sequelae that can result from the infection. Results from behavioral observations and neurologic reflex testing suggest that long-term survivors of WNV do not show a change in the frequency or types of behaviors used compared to uninfected horses, supporting the concept that lasting deficits from WNV usually resolve within the following 1–3 years post-infection. However, microhabitat and grouping behavior did have a significant impact on the frequency of defensive behaviors, with indoor locales and larger groups of horses showing less insect avoidance behaviors. These principles may play a more pivotal role in protecting equines from biting insects and disease than thought previously.

Correlates of a successful human: Dog bond

C.L. Corridan, D.S. Mills, K. Pfeffer — 2010-01-01

Current dog owners were recruited through the dog press, media and animal welfare organizations and asked to complete an online survey which enabled data collection for: dog and dog owner demographics, owner satisfaction ratings for their dog, information on a range of dog activity items (time commitment, frequency, predictability and control), and the prevalence of canine behavioral problems. The population was divided into dog owners reporting high and low satisfaction with their dog (using the median point as the dividing point between categories) and owners of dogs with and without any reported behavioral problems. Demographic and dog activity item responses given by more highly satisfied owners of dogs without behavioral problems, defined for the purposes of this paper as a ‘successful human: dog bond,’ were compared against the remainder of the sample population.

Comparison of factors limiting acquisition versus retention of companion dogs

C.L. Corridan, D.S. Mills, K. Pfeffer — 2010-01-01

This study considers the similarities between the reasons people feel unable to acquire a dog, despite the wish to own one (potential dog owners-PDO) and the factors which result in relinquishment for owners choosing to surrender their dog to a canine rescue shelter (relinquishing dog owners-RDO). Historically much emphasis has been placed on the importance of awareness of the cost of keeping a dog, although behavior problems often feature as a primary cause for relinquishment.

Owner behavior and its relationships with characteristics of the owner and the dog

Christine Arhant, Angela Bartels, Hermann Bubna-Littitz, Josef Troxler — 2010-01-01

The owner's behavior towards the dog, for example use of training methods or shared activities, is regarded to be causal to dog behavior. However, no study has investigated whether owner behavior may depend on characteristics of the owner or its dog. The aim of our study was to identify characteristics of the owner or its dog which are able to predict owner behavior and to explore relationships between different owner behaviors.

Preventing separation problems in re-homed dogs: Improving owner compliance

Emily J. Blackwell, John W.S. Bradshaw, Rachel A. Casey — 2010-01-01

Separation-related behavior is a common reason for adopters to relinquish or return dogs to re-homing centres (). Behaviors perceived as problematic to their owners commonly include destructive behavior, inappropriate elimination and vocalization (; ). In our previous research (), we validated a programme of advice designed to reduce the occurrence of separation problems in the dogs once at their new homes. This project examined the relative effectiveness of different methods of delivering the advice to people adopting dogs from a re-homing centre. An opportunity sample of 207 dogs re-homed by RSPCA were included in the study. At the time of adoption dogs were assigned alternately to three groups. All adopters were given generic behavioral advice previously found to reduce the occurrence of separation-related behavior in the new home, but the format in which the advice was delivered varied between groups. One group of adopters were given written behavioral advice only, the second were given the same advice, but delivered verbally, and the third group of adopters received the behavioral advice both verbally and in writing. Questionnaires were sent to the adopters 12 weeks after re-homing to identify the occurrence of any separation-related behavior and examine the adopter's compliance with the behavioral advice. One hundred and thirty five adopters (74%) returned completed questionnaires. In total 15 % (n=19) of the re-homed dogs that were regularly left alone were reported to show some form of separation-related behavior. The efficacy of the treatment advice was examined by comparing the incidence of separation-related behavior following re-homing. While fewer dogs in the verbal only advice group and verbal and written advice group were reported to show separation-related behavior after 12 weeks in their new homes than those in the written advice only group, this was not statistically significant (χ2=1.57; df=2; p=0.457). There were also no significant differences between treatment groups for compliance either with respect to gradually increasing the time for which the dog was left alone (χ2=4.21; df=2; p=0.12), or not punishing the dog upon returning home (χ2=1.00; df=2; p=0.604). Although giving preventative advice verbally does appear to have some increased effect on the subsequent occurrence of separation problems in re-homed dogs over written presentation alone, and some adopters may benefit from this form of presentation, the effect is minimal compared to the difference between written advice alone and no advice. Overall owner compliance was still disappointing and further investigation as to the reasons for this would be beneficial.

The effects of handling foals at “optimal periods” for behavior and training

Figueiredo Inês, Costa Helena, Rosa Ilda, Meireles José — 2010-01-01

Handling young horses as an early life experience seems to influence the horse's behavior later during adulthood. Early handling also has beneficial effects in the horse's relationship with man. It may be important, therefore, to identify the optimal timeframes, named “periods”, to handle young horses and which are likely to affect the horse's fearfulness, learning performance and manageability. These aims of this study were to test the effects of 3 sessions of an early type of handling during three different periods of the foal's life.

Analysis of the cooperation between veterinary behaviorists and dog trainers in resolving canine behavioral problems

C. Mariti, F. Papi, M. Mengoli, M. Zilocchi, P. Giambanco, A. Gazzano — 2010-01-01

Cooperation between veterinary behaviorists and dog trainers in resolving canine behavioral problems is a relatively new strategy, often considered as controversial and whose usefulness has not been studied until now.

An epidemiology study on travel anxiety and motion sickness

Simona Cannas, Marina Evangelista, Pier Attilio Accorsi, Manuela Michelazzi — 2010-01-01

Car travel can be stressful for many dogs. Most frequent behavioral signs associated with this stress are vocalizations, restlessness or signs like panting, trembling, salivation and vomiting (). These signs could be due to fear induced by insufficient or bad experiences with driving, but also to motion sickness. However the distinction between these two forms is not very clear. Moreover, other reasons can be excitement of an unbalanced dog or barking in context of territorial behavior (). Little research has been published on this topic (; ). A general practice in the USA reported that around 10 to 15 per cent of animals they examined suffered from motion sickness (). In the UK it was found that 23 per cent of household dogs were restless when they traveled (). This study aims to make a survey of dog's travel related-problems in Italy.

The American Shelter Dog: Identification of dogs by personality

Amy Marder, Victoria Voith — 2010-01-01

In most shelters across the United States, the majority of dogs are mixed breeds of unknown parentage. Nevertheless, it is common practice for staff to guess a dog's breed based on appearance. This “best guess” is used to identify the dog, although the actual pedigree is unknown. The ramifications of this can influence the adoption of a dog, elicit behavioral expectations on the part of the new owner (regardless whether or not the dog may actually be of the breed ancestry listed and even though there is behavioral variability within all breeds), and impinge on the owners on where they can live and if they can obtain household/liability insurance.

Horse personality profiles and performance

Daša Dasha Grajfoner, Elizabeth J. Austin, Françoise Wemelsfelder — 2010-01-01

Horses play a significant role in animal assisted therapy, they are trained and employed by the police and military, and used in sports (; ). In all these situations horses' suitability and performance are fundamental and behavioral or personality traits may determine their success (). Horses in therapy are required to be placid and calm, friendly and approachable, which may not be desirable for horses in sports (; ; ; ). We report on the personality profiles of individual horses, rated as high and low performers by their trainers.

Shelter dog behavioral assessments: Behavioral coding and personality

Amy Marder, Seana Dowling-Guyer — 2010-01-01

An accurate assessment of a shelter dog's behavioral tendencies is critical in order to make appropriate and safe placements. A common assessment technique measures a dog's reaction to specific, standardized scenarios. Coding of the dog's behavior varies widely from test to test, from simple dichotomous coding (observed/not observed) to more complicated scales covering a range of behaviors. However, all assessment instruments should enable the detection of underlying personality factors crucial for appropriate placement. Dichotomous coding has been neglected in dog personality research since the field has been closely modeled after human personality research which typically uses rating scales.

Evaluation of a training program for police interview assistance dogs

2010-01-01

The police of Lower Saxony, Germany, employed a dog as mediator between victims (children/teenagers) and officers during police interviews. Positive effects – maximum relaxation of victims – were found. To render the further use of dogs possible, a special test was developed, assessing the suitability of dogs as police interview assistance dogs.

Are domestic dogs able to calm conspecifics by using visual communication?

A. Gazzano, C. Mariti, F. Papi, C. Falaschi, S. Foti, M. Ducci — 2010-01-01

Communication in dogs is crucial to identify individuals, maintain relationships and reduce competition. The aim of the current research was to scientifically assess the use of the so-called “calming signals”, in order to establish whether they have a communicative and calming role.

An experimental case study of two aggressive dogs: The effectiveness of a behavioral modification program using systematic desensitization and counter-conditioning

Yoshie Kakuma, Natsumi Kinoshita — 2010-01-01

Many dogs show aggressive behaviors such as growling, barking, lunging, snapping or biting when they encounter other dogs or unfamiliar people. In order to reduce their levels of responsiveness, a combination of systematic desensitization and counter-conditioning (SDCC) is commonly recommended as a method of behavioral modification. However, very few studies demonstrated the changing process with actual data. In this study we examined the effectiveness of a series of training sessions based on SDCC in two aggressive dogs.

The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in canine aggression towards humans

B. Rosado, S. García-Belenguer, M. León, G. Chacón, A. Villegas, J. Palacio — 2010-01-01

Canine aggression towards humans is the most common cause for the referral of dogs to behavioral practices, and several specialists highlight that a great proportion of aggressive dogs shows signs of stress during aggressive episodes or co-morbid anxiety-related behavior problems. High cortisol levels have been related to affective forms of aggression in humans. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in canine aggression towards humans. To this end, plasma concentrations of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a neuroactive steroid with antiglucocorticoid properties, were analyzed in both aggressive and non-aggressive dogs. The effect of gender was addressed.

Comparative efficacy of litter odor control additives

J.C. Neilson — 2010-01-01

A malodorous litterbox has been implicated as a cause of feline litterbox rejection. Litter often contains additives to help with odor control. Two commonly used additives for odor control are carbon and bicarbonate of soda. The purpose of this study is to identify if cats preferentially use a litterbox with one of these additives, implying that one additive has superior odor control properties.

Study into the effects of attendance at formal training on the presentation of aggression-related behavior problems in dogs in a referred population

A. Ingram, P. Jones, S.E. Heath — 2010-01-01

The aim of the study was to determine whether there is an association between attendance at formal training sessions and the presentation of aggression related behavior problems in a referred population of dogs. Data from 308 dogs that had been referred to a behavioral medicine referral practice were analysed. Within this group, 177 of the dogs had been to some form of formal training and 131 had attended no formal training.

Owner reported coping styles and occurence of undesirable behaviors in domestic cats

J.L. Kiddie, R.A. Casey — 2010-01-01

Previously reported individual coping styles in animal populations include reactive and proactive styles of responding (). This study aimed to investigate whether variation in coping style can be identified from owner report, and if such variation between cats is a risk factor for the occurrence of behavior problems. Questionnaires were distributed in five pseudo-randomly selected regions of North Somerset and Bristol. Owners were asked how their cats responded to six different interactive situations (e.g., being approached by the owner, or in the presence of other cats). The frequency of common undesired behaviors within the last 3 months was also obtained. Cat owners returned 741 completed questionnaires. Cats showed a median of 6 inappropriate behaviors. Most common were: scratching the furniture (82.2%) and demanding attention excessively (79.4%). However, behaviors most commonly stated by owners as problematic were spraying in the house (78.1%) and inappropriate urination (69.6%). The coping style of each cat was calculated for each interactive context, and coded as only proactive, only reactive, or a mixed response. The extent to which this style was consistent between the contexts was examined using a Cochran's Q test. The measure of proactive/reactive coping style was not consistent within individuals between contexts (Proactive: Cochran's Q=263.306, p=<0.001; Reactive: Cochran's Q=121.658, p<0.001; Mixed: Cochran's Q 213.923, p<0.001) suggesting a strongly learned component. This is consistent with previous research, where observed response of cats during interactive tests with people did not necessarily co-vary with style of responding to the scent of other cats (). Hence, although underlying styles of response may occur in cats, tests or owner responses which investigate responses to specific contexts do not appear to identify them. Consequently, the results of such tests cannot reasonably be used as risk factors for the occurrence of specific undesired behavior. Therefore, the measurement of behavioral responses to specific stimuli appears inadequate in identifying underlying characteristics of personality in cats.

Longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy changes in beagle dogs

C. de Rivera, H. Dobson, S. Denenberg, G.M. Landsberg, J.A. Araujo, N.W. Milgram — 2010-01-01

Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is an increasingly common medical condition in aged dogs characterized by changes in behavior, which are likely linked to both impaired cognitive function and brain pathology. Currently, there is no way to predict if CDS will develop, nor are there objective criteria for diagnosis. Consequently, diagnosis likely occurs late in the disease, when the behavioral sequalae impair the pet-owner bond and when therapeutic intervention may be less likely to work. Current research is therefore focused on finding ways to identify potential cases of CDS before behavioral signs appear. One such area is the study of brain changes using in vivo imaging. In humans, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is used to study various brain metabolites with the hope of finding metabolite level abnormalities before symptoms associated with disorders such as Alzheimer's disease occur. Of particular interest are n-acetyl containing compounds, which are thought to be markers of neuronal health. We have previously reported n-acetyl containing compounds decrease in senior dogs compared to young, but the study was cross-sectional. In the present study, we examined changes in brain metabolites in a longitudinal design. Aged dogs (n=11, mean age=10.1 years) were imaged at baseline and again after 1.4 years. Total n-acetyl levels decreased significantly with age, which is suggestive of age-related neuronal dysfunction. Although we have not established the time-course between this marker and functional deterioration, MRS may prove to be a useful diagnostic tool for either predicting or diagnosing CDS.

Validation of a cognitive test battery for cats

2010-01-01

We have described previously a battery of cognitive tests that permit us to objectively assess cognitive function in dogs; however, similar multi-domain tests are not available for cats. The aim of this study was to validate a test battery for cats modeled after those developed for dogs. The tasks were intended to assess a variety of cognitive domains, including learning ability, executive function, visuospatial learning and working memory. Kittens (N=16; 4.5±0.1 months) were tested on the following tasks: positional discrimination learning and reversal in a t-maze apparatus; object discrimination learning and reversal; and a delayed-non-matching-to-position task (DNMP). More errors were committed on the reversal phase of both the positional discrimination and object discrimination tests. Several of the cats also showed DNMP learning within the time-frame of the study. Cats committed more errors on both reversal tests compared to the respective learning test, which is consistent with the greater demands of this executive function test. Executive function is a high level cognitive ability that changes with development in rodents, dogs, non-human primates and humans. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing neuropsychological tests for cats that produce data consistent with that obtained in other species and that will be useful for examining cognitive changes that occur in feline development.

Anxitane reduces fear of humans in a laboratory study in dogs

2010-01-01

Dogs are often referred to veterinary behaviorists for problems related to fear and anxiety, which affect both the pet-owner bond and the health of the pet. Effective treatments for anxiety and fear are important, but currently these are limited. Anxitane® is a nutraceutical, l-theanine (Suntheanine®), reported to reduce anxiety in clinical studies. The objective of the current study was to compare the effects of Anxitane to placebo on fear of humans in laboratory dogs using the open field and human interaction tests. Ten Beagle dogs were selected for fearful behavior toward humans as determined by a veterinary behaviorist. These dogs were randomly divided into two groups of 5 subjects and assigned either to treatment or placebo after baseline testing. After 8 weeks, the fearful dogs were reassessed to determine the effects of the treatment. Compared to 10 normal dogs at baseline, fearful dogs showed less interaction with and spent less time near the human. Compared to placebo, fearful dogs treated with Anxitane spent more time near and interacting with the human. They also showed increased interaction frequency with the human. The main findings of the current study were that Anxitane significantly improved measures of human approach and interaction compared to placebo in anxious dogs and that anxious dogs showed reduced interaction with an unknown human compared to normals. Collectively, the current data indicate that Anxitane should benefit dogs that demonstrate fearful behaviors, which supports the clinical data for the use of Anxitane in treating anxiety related behavior.

Pilot study to investigate whether a feline pheromone analogue reduces anxiety-related behavior during clinical examination of cats in a rescue shelter

G. Patel, S. Heath, K. Coyne, A.C. German — 2010-01-01

Minimizing stress in cats in a shelter environment has many benefits, including improved welfare, minimizing disease recrudescence and transmission, and reducing the time-to-rehoming interval. Cats are most stressed on admission to the facility, when the environment is novel. This study investigated the effect of a synthetic feline facial pheromone (F4, Felifriend, Ceva Sante Animale, France) on anxiety-related behavior during clinical examinations at a feline rescue shelter (National Cat Centre, NCC, Cats Protection, UK).

Predicting separation problems in dogs: Development of a practical test for rehoming centers

Christine Basse, Emily J. Blackwell, John W.S. Bradshaw, Rachel A. Casey — 2010-01-01

Separation-related behavior (SRB) is a common reason for dogs to be returned to rehoming centers. This project aimed to simplify a previously validated predictive test for practical use within rescue shelters. The test developed was 86% effective at predicting separation-related behavior following rehoming (). However, attempts to ‘roll out’ this test for practical use in the shelters proved problematic due to the amount of staff time required to carry out the testing, and the number / complexity of measures required. The aim of this study was therefore to identify whether reducing the length and intricacy of the test itself would affect the reliability of the test in predicting the occurrence of SRB, making it more applicable for staff at rehoming centers.

Effectiveness of L-theanine and behavioral therapy in the treatment of noise phobias in dogs

Manuela Michelazzi, Greta Berteselli, Michela Minero, Elena Cavallone — 2010-01-01

Noise phobia is a profound and extreme fear response to an unexpected, loud and not gradual noise. It is one of the most frequent canine behavioral problems (). This study investigated whether the administration of L-theanine (Anxitane™), associated with a behavioral therapy, can attenuate signs of specific noise phobias in dogs ().

Evaluation of sheltered dangerous dogs

Manuela Michelazzi, Diana Levi, Paola Fossati, Elisabetta Scaglia — 2010-01-01

Canine aggression is a very common complaint and carries with it significant consequences for public safety. A dog can be defined “dangerous” when it endangers the physical and/or psychological integrity of humans or other living beings. In Italy, with national law 281/91, the government regulated stray animal management by making it illegal to kill dogs unless they were seriously or incurably ill, or proved dangerous (). Therefore, it is important and necessary to be able to assess the degree of a dog's dangerousness to avoid public safety risks ().

The fate of cats adopted from rescue shelters in Canada

R.A. Ledger, N. Russ — 2010-01-01

The percentage of animals returned to rescue shelters following adoption is a frequently used measure of adoption success, however, the fate of animals that remain in the community is often overlooked. In response to this issue, this study evaluated the fate of kittens one year after their adoption from shelters in Canada. Subjects were kittens (n=583) adopted from thirty rescue shelters (members of the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies) between the ages of 2-4 months. When these kittens reached one year of age, their guardians were requested to complete a questionnaire regarding their cat. Some of the guardians (8.7%) were not contactable, either because they had moved or the contact details provided to the shelter were invalid. Of the guardians that were contacted, 67.8% responded to the survey, and of these, 9.8% no longer had their kittens. Of these 35 kittens, 8 had been killed in road traffic accidents, 7 had been returned to the shelter, 4 had gone missing and presumed dead, 4 had been given away, 4 killed by coyotes, 1 killed by a dog, and 7 others died due to illness. When asked whether they were likely to keep their kitten, 85.2% of those guardians who still had their cats reported ‘Definitely Yes’, 1.7% ‘Yes’, 0.3% were ‘Unsure’, 0.3% reported probably not and 1.1% reported definitely not. Gender, neuter status and coat length were not identified as risk factors for accidental death before one year of age, however kittens that were given access to the outdoors were five times more likely to have an accidental death than kittens that were kept indoors (7.8% outdoor versus 1.6% of indoor kittens; X2=5.69, df=1, p<0.05). Therefore, advising guardians on the implications of allowing cats outdoors should be an important area of education for to rescue shelters.

Chemical communication in birds: Recent findings

P. Pageat, M. Alnot-Perronin, L. Bougrat, F. Seurin, I. Madec — 2010-01-01

Birds are often considered to be creatures which concentrate on the use of auditory and visual input. A dramatic contradiction to this approach lies in the normal development of the olfactory cavities and bulbs as illustrated by , who studied over 100 different avian species. Since the publication of this pioneering research, several authors have described different odorous secretions in birds and identified their functions during sexual and maternal behavior, and in detecting and avoiding predators. To better understand the sensory world of animals for an accurate evaluation of possible behavior problems, we review this neglected field.

The relinquishment of rabbits to rescue shelters in Canada

R.A. Ledger — 2010-01-01

Most surveys of animal relinquishment to shelters have focused on dogs and cats; however, studies into the reasons why pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) enter shelters are scant. Such studies have the potential to facilitate the development of educational materials for prospective and current rabbit guardians who may be at risk of surrendering their pets. In response to this issue, this study describes a survey of rabbits admitted to and adopted from rescue shelters in Canada. Thirty shelters (members of the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies) were surveyed. Over a three-year period, these shelters received a total of 2,466 rabbits. The majority of admitted rabbits were female (52.1%; Binomial test, p<0.05). Age at admittance ranged from newborn to 14 years, the modal age being 1 year (24.5%), with age distribution being positively skewed (Skewness=2.8). Almost half (47.8%) of admitted rabbits were surrendered by their owners, while the remainder were strays (38.1%), transferred from other shelters (8.3%), seized by humane officers (3.9%) or born at the shelter (1.9%). Most rabbits (94.7%) were relinquished due to the owner's circumstances and 5.3% were relinquished due to behavior problems. Of those relinquished for behavioral reasons, 26% dug in the yard, 20% were aggressive towards other rabbits, 11% chewed on inappropriate objects, 11% were aggressive towards people, 7% were too active, 7% were escaping, 6% were not good with children, 6% were spraying / marking, 4% were house-soiling and 2% were generally destructive. Within one year of adoption, 5.5% of rabbits had been returned to shelters, 42.2% due to behavior problems and 57.8% due to the owner's circumstances. The results provide a valuable insight into the reasons why rabbits are relinquished and thus how educational materials may help to support rabbit-guardian relationships and improve rabbit welfare.

The effect of feline interdigital semiochemicals with primers in relation to scratching marking

P. Pageat, L. Bougrat, P. Monneret, M. Alnot-Perronin, A. Cozzi — 2010-01-01

Scratching behavior is commonly associated with cats but is seen by many owners as one of the most unacceptable nuisance behaviors in this species. Most owners misunderstand the significance of the behavior, seeing it simply as a means for the cat to control the length of its claws. Several authors have described the role of scratching in territorial marking with an association of visual (scratches) and olfactory signaling. The purpose of this double blind study is to assess the primer effect for scratch marking of interdigital feline semiochemicals.

The maternal cat appeasing pheromone: Exploratory study of the effects on aggressive and affiliative interactions in cats

A. Cozzi, P. Monneret, C. Lafont-Lecuelle, L. Bougrat, E. Gaultier, P. Pageat — 2010-01-01

Cats lack post conflict mechanisms for repairing bonds after aggression and the behaviors of avoidance and tolerance are shown during conflict management. The pheromones produced by the mammary complex have an appeasing action on offspring and adults in different species and are useful to maintain the cohesion between offspring.

Adherence to advice of horse behavior counselors

Ruth Jobling, Emma Creighton — 2010-01-01

Counseling services that aim to improve understanding of horse-human interactions are on the front line of the horse welfare agenda. The aim of this research was to determine characteristics of horse owners seeking advice about their horse's behavior that predicted their adherence to that advice.

Effect of training on behavioral reactivity and neurotransmitter levels in drug detection dogs

2010-01-01

The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of training on behavioral reactivity and plasma and platelet neurotransmitter levels in order to evaluate variables influencing dog behavior and responsiveness to training ().

The effects of Novifit on cognitive function in aged beagle dogs

2010-01-01

Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is a diagnosis based on age-related behavioral changes likely related to alterations in brain function. In the laboratory, both age- and pathology-related changes in cognitive function can be identified using neuropsychological tests. The current study sought to evaluate the efficacy of Novifit® (S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine-Tosylate Disulfate), a novel supplement for the management of CDS, on improving cognitive function in laboratory dogs. Fourteen aged (9.2 to 12.8 years) Beagle dogs were assessed on tests of memory, executive function, and selective attention using the delayed non-matching to position task (DNMP), an object learning and reversal task (ODR), and a variable object discrimination test (VOD), respectively. The dogs were divided into placebo and treatment groups equivalent on baseline DNMP performance. No effect of treatment was found on the DNMP. On the ODR, the control group committed more errors on the reversal compared to the learning phase. By contrast, the increase in errors between the two phases was reduced in the treatment group, which suggested an enhancement of executive function. On the 2-choice subcomponent of the VOD, the placebo group showed reduced performance when the distracter object was changed. The treatment group showed an improvement consistent with improved executive function. The current study indicated Novifit may improve executive function, which was supported by the results of both the ODR and VOD. Overall, the results suggest that Novifit may be effective in CDS by improving a dog's ability to cope with change.

Behavioral, legal, medical and welfare implications of the DDA in UK – a case history

Kendal Shepherd — 2010-01-01

The medical and behavioral history of a female dog seized by police as a banned pit bull type under UK Dangerous Dogs Act (DDA) legislation is described. As the owner had pled guilty to the offence of owning a pit bull, a behavioral assessment was requested to ascertain whether the dog presented any danger to the general public. If the assessment were to reveal a sociable and tolerant dog, then it would be argued in court that the animal should be allowed to enter the UK register of exempt breeds.

Influence of age in understanding human gestures in pet dogs

E. Dalla Costa, S. Cannas, M. Minero, C. Palestrini — 2010-01-01

One of the features that makes domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) human beings' best friend is their ability to communicate with them. Several studies show that dogs can understand different cues gave by a human experimenter to locate hidden food in a two-way object choice task (). Dogs seem to be able to comprehend these visual cues from an early age (). The aim of this study is to investigate family dogs' ability to use different human cues to locate hidden food and to establish if there is any difference between groups of dogs at different ages.

Floor area and the behavior of pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Laura M. Dixon, Jessica R. Hardiman, Jonathan J. Cooper — 2010-01-01

Rabbit welfare guidelines tend to emphasize the importance of space and performance of species typical behavior patterns, such as stretching, rearing and hopping at least 3 paces (). However, many hutches designed for pet rabbits potentially inhibit or prevent these behavior patterns and may consequently affect rabbit welfare. The objectives of this experiment were 1) to record the behavior patterns of rabbits in enclosures with different floor areas and 2) to determine if rabbits exhibit rebound effects when transferred from smaller to larger enclosures.

The human-animal bond: The role of anthropomorphism in diversity and variation

Judith C. Adams, E. Anne McBride, A. Carr, K. Carnelley — 2010-01-01

suggested a predictive model based on the dimensions of empathy, attachment and sexual attraction to differentiate between zoophilia and bestiality (animal sexual abuse). We develop this model by considering the role of anthropomorphism. It is known that anthropomorphism changes ‘normal’ care giving practices of pet owners (). We suggest that anthropomorphism may have a significant effect on the human – animal bond by blurring the lines between sensual and sexual feelings (zoophilia) for a family pet ().

An investigation into potential overshadowing of verbal commands during training

R. Skyrme, D.S. Mills — 2010-01-01

Vocal commands and visual gestures are frequently used together during dog training, although most owners probably focus on verbal stimulus control. Ten dogs were trained to perform two novel tasks: a bow and a spin, using simultaneous vocal and visual cues on a progressive variable ratio schedule, until an 80% response was achieved on a variable ratio of 1:5 within 2 consecutive blocks of 10 trials. Subjects were then tested during two blocks of 10 trials, in which only one of the cues was given through a single communication channel at a time, balanced for each action and cue type (i.e. 5 of each). Performance was evaluated using a validated 5 point score. After this, the dog's response was evaluated, during two tests in which each visual cue was given with the opposing vocal cue simultaneously. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to assess if there was a significant difference in the number of correct responses performed to each cue type (visual versus verbal), and in the type of action performed (spin versus bow). A binomial probability distribution was used to determine the significance of cue type on the behavior performed when contradictory cues were given.

Preliminary study on the effects of a simple form of food enrichment on horses' reactivity

Simona Normando, Michele Gatto, Valeria Semenzato, Massimo Morgante — 2010-01-01

Environmental enrichment in the form of increased variety of forage has been shown to be able to modify horses' behavior, decreasing stereotypy performance (). However, practical considerations may limit this use in many stables. The aim of this preliminary study was to assess whether a very simple form of food enrichment, i.e., the provision of chopped carrots in a different bucket at the same time as concentrated meal, had any effect on horses' non-stereotypic behavioral and physiological responses to two environmental challenges.

Foreign body ingestion in dogs and cats: Preliminary studies

I. Merola, S. Giussani — 2010-01-01

This study sought to investigate the possible causes of foreign bodies ingestion reported in the literature and to assess the effect of related behavioral diseases. In 2007, 13 dogs and 5 cats that had undergone surgical removal of foreign bodies were first carefully checked by clinical inspection, and then subjected to a behavioral evaluation to investigate the behavioral status of these patients.

Comparison of stress and learning effects of three different training methods: Electric training collar, pinch collar, and quitting signal

Esther Schalke, Stefanie Ott, Yasemin Salgirli, Imke Böhm, Hansjoachim Hackbarth — 2010-01-01

Applying aversive stimuli in dog training is a highly controversial issue. Many studies examined stress and learning effects of electric training collars. However, no comparison with other training methods exist to date. The present study aimed at investigating and comparing three training methods for dogs: trained quitting signal (QS), pinch collars (PC), and electric training collars (EC).

Feline behavioral problems: An epidemiological study in a cat population

G. Berteselli, S. Cannas, M. Michelazzi, L. Volontè, C. Palestrini — 2010-01-01

The popularity of cats as pets is generally believed to be due to the fact that they offer affection and companionship, but they are easier to care for than dogs (). According to the literature house soling is the most frequently presented feline behavioral problem () followed in second place by feline aggression (). The aim of this study was to analyse the most frequently presented feline problem behaviors in a cat population of Milan through the observation of many variables.

Qualitative analysis of dog behavior modification training sessions

M.P. Vilaplana, V.M. Mariotti, A. Rodríguez, M. Amatt, S. Tejedor, X. Manteca — 2010-01-01

Dog aggression can be affected by a combination of genetics, environment and phenotype (). In order to try to reduce this behavior, specialists have used different tools such as changes in environment, castration, drugs, behavioral modification (). This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of the behavior modification training sessions carried out for a group of aggressive dogs at the Animal Behavior Service of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Autonomous University of Barcelona.

Results on the use of dog appeasement phreromone (DAP) collars in a selection of australian dogs with anxiety disorders

Jacqui Ley, Karen Kerr, Kersti Seksel — 2010-01-01

Dog Appeasement Pheromone (DAP) has been shown to be effective in managing anxiety disorders in dogs (). Currently DAP is only available in diffuser form in Australia. The DAP collars were prescribed for selected clients by a specialist referral practice in Sydney, Australia to assess their usefulness in the Australian dog population as many Australian dogs spend much of their time outside, making it difficult to use the DAP diffuser or DAP spray. The DAP collar was used in conjunction with behavior modification and medication, if deemed necessary, to address the dog's anxiety and any associated welfare issues. Some of the dogs were already on medication, others were also prescribed other medications such as fluoxetine, or a DAP diffuser to assist with treating the problem.

Differences in serotonin levels between aggressive english cocker spaniels and aggressive dogs of other breeds

2010-01-01

Aggression is one of the most common behavioral problems in dogs and may have important negative effects on public health, the human-animal bond and animal welfare. There is ample evidence showing a negative correlation between serotonin serum levels and aggressive behavior in a variety of species, including the domestic dogs. This negative correlation is particularly pronounced in dogs that show impulsive aggression. Data obtained in previous studies suggests that the English cocker spaniel (ECS) is more likely to show impulsive aggression than other breeds in some countries where they have been studied. Accordingly, we examined serum serotonin levels between aggressive ECS and aggressive dogs of other breeds.

International cooperation in applied ethology courses

R. De Meester, J. Pluijmakers — 2010-01-01

During the last few decades there has been growth in the need for the application of scientific principles to modify animal behavior for the ultimate benefit of the animal's and the owner's welfare. Consequently there has been explosive growth in the number of practitioners and institutions providing courses related to animal behavior and animal behavior therapy ().

Relationship between dog owner behavior and dog attachment security in the strange situation

J.M. White, A.E. McBride, E. Redhead — 2010-01-01

The aim of this study was to determine if owner behavior predicted dog attachment security in Strange Situation Test. Fifty-two owners/dogs participated in 8 x 3minute episodes: dog/owner; dog/owner/stranger; dog/stranger; dog alone; and reunions dog/owner. Data was collected through continuous time sampling of owner behavior (talking to dog, touching dog, responding to attention seeking and command giving) and dog attachment behavior (secure base effects, proximity seeking, comfort seeking, distress, and latency to play/explore). Four dogs clusters (k-means Cluster Analysis) resulted: Secure (n=16) (moderate greeting duration, low distress behaviors when alone, moderate comfort seeking from owner, ability to rebound quickly to play and explore); Insecure/Anxious (n=10) (high activity, high distress, low comfort seeking); Insecure/Passive (n=16) (high levels of distress, high comfort seeking, low activity levels), and Avoidant (n=9) (low responsiveness to owners, low greeting duration, low distress and low comfort seeking). Between group ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections revealed significant differences for owner talk (F(3,47)=3.64, p=.02) and owner touch (F(3,47)=5.16, p=.01). Owners of Avoidant dogs (M=16.88, SD=4.55) talked to them significantly more than dogs in the Insecure/Passive (M=11.70, SD=2.67) or Anxious clusters (M=13.26, SD=3.19), but petted them significantly less (M=11.35, SD=6.03). Passive dogs were petted significantly more (M=17.73, SD=3.59). The results suggest that attachment insecurity is associated with low levels of owner talk and high levels of touch, and a weak owner/dog bond characterized by dog avoidance, by high owner talk and low owner touch. Attachment security is characterized by moderate owner talk and low touch. These results could be used to moderate owner behavior during stressful events such as veterinary examination to reduce dog insecurity.

Equine-assisted intervention programs in veneto (Italy)

2010-01-01

Equine-assisted interventions (EAIs) include equine-assisted activities, equine-assisted therapy (EAT), and equine-assisted learning/education. The purpose of this study was to gather information on EAIs in Veneto and identify possible welfare problems.

Feeding routine risk factors associated with pre-feeding behavior problems in UK leisure horses

E. Creighton, J. Hockenhull — 2010-01-01

Domestic horses are typically provided with a diet and feeding regime that differs markedly from their evolutionary requirements. Modern feeding practices have been implicated as risk factors for a number of physiological and behavioral problems. Various anticipatory behaviors can be performed prior to feeding and are subsequently reinforced by the arrival of food. Such behaviors are often viewed negatively by owners and once established maybe performed in contexts outside feeding. This study used a large-scale Internet survey to quantify the performance of feeding-related problem behavior in UK leisure horses and to identify feeding practice risk factors for this behavior.

Fear, avoidance and safety signals as rewards

Robert Boakes — 2010-01-01

To explain how animals acquire avoidance behavior, i.e. a response that prevents the occurrence of some aversive event, two-factor theory was developed on the basis of experiments with dogs and rats. The original version appealed to two learning processes: animals first learn to fear a stimulus – a warning signal – indicating that an aversive event such as a shock is likely to occur in the near future; and, second, when they make an appropriate response, this response is reinforced by reduction of fear, i.e. negative reinforcement. When combined with some minor additional principles, this description provides a good account of how an animal first acquires an avoidance response. However, it does not give a satisfactory account of how avoidance behavior is maintained. In particular, well-trained animals can continue to perform some response without displaying any fear. If no longer fear, then what motivates continued good performance? The answer to this question has been to add the concept of a conditioned inhibitor of fear or ‘safety signal’. This is a stimulus signalling that an otherwise expected aversive event will not occur. Such signals not only inhibit fear, but also serve as powerful positive rewards, a function that is highly resistant to extinction. The provision of clear safety signals, namely, immediate feedback that an animal has made the required response, can increase the speed with which an animal learns some new behavior and can reduce stress during training.

Reliability of salivary cortisol measures in dogs in training context

S. Ligout, H. Wright, K. van Driel, F. Gladwell, D.S. Mills, J.J. Cooper — 2010-01-01

Salivary cortisol has been widely used as a means of assessing stress in dogs (), though several authors have questioned whether handling and the use of food/chews can affect measures (). We investigated effects of food on salivary cortisol measures in a handling/training context. For the first study 10 dogs were used to investigate if food introduced unpredictable variation in salivary cortisol. For each dog tested, a control sample was taken, followed within 30 seconds by a sample with cheese (n=10), sausage (n=5) or chicken (n=5). Cortisol assayed with food tended to be lower (2.14±0.12ng/ml) than controls (2.59±0.23; t=2.08, p<0.05). This may be due to dilution of samples by greater production of fluid, or because food contamination reduces the efficacy of ELISA. There was a high positive correlation between the measures from cheese samples and their controls (Pearson's r=0.922, p<0.001), but no correlation with the sausage and chicken. In the second study, we used cheese to encourage salivation and 10 dogs were used to investigate changes in salivary cortisol following training. Dogs responded to three common vocal commands; “come”, “stay” and “leave”, together with a fourth command of the owner's suggestion, each given by the owner, and by a person unfamiliar to the dog. Saliva was sampled before training, then at 10, 15, 20 and 25minutes following start of training. There was no difference in salivary cortisol measures between samples, but a high concordance across samples (Kendall's W=0.858, p<0.001). Our data suggests cheese does not introduce unpredictable variation is salivary cortisol measures, and consequently may be a more appropriate aid to encourage salivation than sausage, chicken or meat flavoured rope ().

A conceptual study about ‘animal-assisted interventions’ in Antwerp (Belgium)

2010-01-01

For the past 20 years, a growing number of health care facilities and educational settings have started ‘animal-assisted intervention’ programs (AAIs). These initiatives include ‘animal-assisted therapy’ in which client oriented therapeutic goals are set and progress records are kept, as well as ‘animal-assisted activities’ without specific goals for each client and ‘animal-assisted learning’ in which teachers have educational goals for each student.

Is it wise to involve animals in prisons and rehabilitation programs? A study conducted in Flanders (Belgium)

2010-01-01

For about 25 years prisons in the United States and South-Africa have used animals in rehabilitation programs. Studies report positive outcomes as well as evidence for a link between animal abuse and violent behavior towards humans. This leaves us wondering whether these programs can guarantee the welfare of the animals involved. The aim of this study was to gather information on programs for offenders in Flanders.

The effect of Nepeta cataria on kittens' behavior

P. Marchei, S. Diverio, N. Falocci, J. Fatjó, J.L. Ruiz-de-la-Torre, X. Manteca — 2010-01-01

The genus Nepeta (Lamiaceae) comprises many species used in folk medicine for treatment of pain and anxiety (). Nepeta spp. are said to have analgesic and sedative effects. Notwithstanding, Nepeta is known to induce active behaviors, including grooming, rubbing and object-play in adult cats (), but its effect has not been investigated in kittens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of Nepeta extract on the behavior of purebred kittens during the Open Field Test (OFT).

The pedigree dog – aesthetics versus ethics and law

E. Anne McBride, David Lamb, Rita Lewis — 2010-01-01

Selective breeding of the domestic dog, Canis familiaris, has resulted in greater morphological diversity than for any other single species (). Initially this selection was to satisfy functional requirements; however, the inception of dog shows in the mid 19th century gave weight to the aesthetic perspective and in the late 20th and early 21st century this has become paramount.

Retrospective study of dogs from a behavioral referral practice showing aggression toward unfamiliar people either in the home or on walks (N = 40)

D.F. Horwitz — 2010-01-01

Aggression by dogs toward unfamiliar people is a common owner complaint (), often resulting in injury to people. Aggressive behavior can occur in the home or toward individuals that are encountered on walks. Underlying motivations include territorial defense, fear related aggression and poor socialization (). Other concurrent problems may be present and contributory including anxiety-related behavior problems and lack of good owner control.

Equipment and training risk factors associated with ridden behavior problems in UK leisure horses

J. Hockenhull, E. Creighton — 2010-01-01

Behavior problems that occur while being ridden – equitation-related behavioral problems - are potentially dangerous for horse and rider, yet quantitative data regarding their prevalence within the leisure horse population is scarce. This study employed a large-scale internet survey to address this deficit and to identify associated risk factors from the equipment and training practices used by leisure horse owners.

Can behavioral problems lead to neurological abnormalities? A case report

2010-01-01

It is widely accepted that some diseases may lead to behavioral changes. Reports of behavioral conditions contributing to the development of diseases are much less common. In contrast, there is a well know condition in humans called hysterical conversion. In this paper, we report a case of an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) which appears to be the consequence of a neurological disorder that was preceded by an stressful event and resolved after behavioral modification.

Dog owners' opinions on dog breed aggression

G. Tami, S. Diverio — 2010-01-01

The opinions of lay people play a role in promoting laws restricting the ownership of particular dog breeds. This approach has been criticized as lacking scientific soundness. We examined the opinions of a sample of Italian dog-owners in order to investigate possible preconceptions about specific breeds.

Assessing horse performance: A comparison between trainers' and judges' behavior evaluations

S. Diverio, G. Tami, P. Marchei, C. Tortiello, M.C. Catalani, A. Barone — 2010-01-01

In show-jumping horses, ‘personality’ has proved to be a good indicator of animals' performance (), but empirical systems, commonly used to assess personality, seem to be unreliable (). In Italy, breeding selection of Maremmano horses is based on Performance Test (PT), where a judge scores individual performance and temperament. We compare the horses' behavioral assessments given by trainers, who work daily with the animals, with the judges' final evaluation of these horses, with the aim of optimising horse selection.

Evaluation of behavioral characteristics of dogs with owner directed aggression through the C-BARQ

S. Le Brech, M. Amat, V.M. Mariotti, J.L. Ruiz de la Torre, X. Manteca — 2010-01-01

Canine aggression towards household members is a frequent problem that can have dangerous consequences for people and may impair the welfare of dogs. A better knowledge of the individual characteristics of dogs presenting owner directed aggression would help to improve the treatment and prevention of this problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of dogs with owner directed aggression through the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ).

Assessing canine temperament related to aggression

F. Kaneko, S. Arata, Y. Momozawa, Y. Takeuchi, Y. Mori — 2010-01-01

Canine aggression is one of the most frequent behavior problems being consulted to veterinary behaviorists, as it may result in serious injuries and thus have a large societal effect. For example in the United States more than 4.7 million dog bites are reported annually () and over 1000 people per day are sent to hospital emergency departments because of dog bites (). One of the classifications of canine aggression is based on the target, i.e., owner-directed, child-directed, stranger-directed and dog-directed aggression. Each of these aggressive tendencies is likely to be differently composed of various temperament factors including fear and reactivity. If we can accurately assess aggression-related temperament factors, we would be able to provide more appropriate treatment in our behavior clinic. As a first step to establish the evaluation method for temperament factors underlying aggression, we conducted a questionnaire survey with dog owners at dog shows organized by Japan Kennel Club in 2008 and 2009. In this study we focused on the fear and the reactivity as candidate temperament factors and chose three dog breeds, Shiba Inu, Labrador retriever and Chihuahua, because they have different tendencies in showing aggressive behaviors (). Questionnaires contained questions about general information, 14 items about their dogs' responses to humans, sounds and small animals, and 6 items about aggression toward owners, children, strangers and dogs. Owners were asked to score their dogs' response with 5-point frequency scales (1=never, 2=occasionally, 3=sometimes, 4=often and 5=always). In total, owners of 91 Shiba dogs, of 109 Labrador retrievers and of 100 Chihuahuas volunteered to fill out the questionnaire. At first, factor analysis was conducted using 14 items in each breed, and then factor scores calculated as the average of the questionnaire items comprising each factor was compared between the calm dogs (showing never or occasionally aggressive behavior: scale≤2) and the aggressive dogs (showing aggressive behavior more frequently: scale≥3) in the Shiba breed. The factor analysis resulted in extraction of three factors, i.e., “reactivity to small animals (F1)”, “fear of human (F2: negatively loaded)” and “reactivity to sound and movement (F3)”, consistently from all the three breeds. The fourth factor, “fear of sounds (F4)” was extracted only from Labrador Retrievers and Chihuahuas. In addition, F1, F2 and F3 are composed of the same items among the three breeds, whereas F4 has the same composition between the two breeds. The Shiba dogs showing owner-directed aggression had significantly higher F3 scores, while those with child-directed and stranger-directed aggressions had lower F2 scores and higher F3 scores as compared with calm individuals, respectively. No such difference was found regarding the dog-directed aggression. These results suggest that the temperament factors such as fear and reactivity may differently contribute to the owner-directed aggression from the stranger (or child)-directed aggression in Shiba Inu breed.

A comparison between a direct and an indirect method for assessing aggressiveness in dogs

2010-01-01

The goal of the current study was to determine the validity of a test for the direct assessment of aggressive behavior in domestic dogs using a previously validated questionnaire for indirect (by owners) dog behavioral assessment.

Epidemiological study of behavioral disorders in elderly dogs

V.M. Mariotti, M. Landucci, I. Lippi, M. Amat, X. Manteca, G. Guidi — 2010-01-01

Aging is an irreversible and inevitable process that leads to brain function degeneration and can affect the behavior of the dog (; ; ; ). Although the causes of behavioral disorders are essentially the same both in geriatric and in young animals, old age may aggravate exisiting behavioral conditions (). “Cognitive dysfunction syndrome” (CDS) is an important aging-related disease, characterized by neurodegenerative alterations of the central nervous system, which leads to cognitive disorders (). The aim of the present study was to provide descriptive statistics on the behavioral disorders diagnosed most often in elderly dogs and to evaluate the relative role for CDS.

Pre-school children's attitudes to dogs in Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom

N.N. Lakestani, N. Waran, M. Verga, M. Donaldson — 2010-01-01

The aim of this study was to assess young children's attitudes to dogs in different European countries. Since exchange of information between the European countries is increasing, investigating differences in cultures is important for creating an effective European dog bite prevention program.

Training engagement and the development of behavior problems in the dog: A longitudinal study

K.F. Thompson, E.A. McBride, E. Redhead — 2010-01-01

Canine behavior problems have serious welfare implications for dog and owner. The first year of canine behavioral development is most critical as this is when most social and environmental learning occurs, learned behavior patterns become established and problem behaviors are most likely to become apparent (). While experiences during the socialization period are of great importance, dogs may regress and become fearful if exposure to stimuli is not maintained () as both social and environmental learning continue throughout the juvenile period and adolescence. There is also evidence of a second phase of heightened sensitivity to fear arousing stimuli at the age of 6 months, around the onset of sexual maturity (), known as the ‘secondary sensitive’ or ‘secondary socialisation’ period. As with the onset of sexual maturity, the exact timing of this phase is variable between breeds and individuals. It may be that some dogs do not go through this ‘secondary sensitive period’ until later adolescence or that it lasts for a greater or lesser part of the adolescent period ().

Management routine risk factors associated with handling and stabled-related behavior problems in UK leisure horses

J. Hockenhull, E. Creighton — 2010-01-01

Domestic horses can exhibit a range of unwanted and abnormal behaviors, ranging from biting to stereotypies. The demographic of horse owners is changing towards new and increasingly urbanised leisure owners who may lack the experience to cope with behavioral problems and may have restricted access to land and facilities; both representing potential welfare concerns. A large-scale Internet survey was used to quantify the type and prevalence of handling and stable-related behavior problems within the UK leisure horse population, and to identify associated management routine risk factors.

Temperament assessment on guide dogs using questionnaire survey and behavior tests

S. Arata, Y. Momozawa, Y. Takeuchi, Y. Mori — 2010-01-01

Guide dogs for the blind are required to have appropriate temperament in addition to their working performance and health condition. Considering the high cost of raising guide dogs with low success rate, an objective method for temperament assessment which enables early prediction of the guide dog qualification is desired. In this study, we conducted temperament assessments during the training term in order to identify and assess important traits for being a guide dog. We employed a questionnaire survey of primary trainers on their assessment of dog's temperament at the third month of training. Behavior tests with heart rate (HR) monitoring were also conducted at the first and the second month, and it included kennel period and presentation of an excitatory stimulus. Two groups of Labrador Retrievers, group A (n=78) and B (n=66), were further categorized into the success group, which finally became guide dogs, and the failure group, which were disqualified due to temperament problems. Factor analysis of questionnaire items resulted in consistent extraction of three factors, among which “Distraction” and “Docility” were significantly associated with the success/failure outcome in both groups (P<0.01), while “Sensitivity” showed significant association only in one group (group A: P=0.0121; group B: P=0.29). Then, the mean HR, the duration of posture (lie down / stand / move) during the kennel period, and delta HR by stimulus were compared with three factors. At the second month, the mean HR tended to positively correlate with “Distraction” in both groups (P<0.1). The duration of ‘lie down’ was significantly correlated with “Distraction” and “Docility”, and the duration of ‘stand’ was negatively correlated with “Docility” in both groups (P<0.05). Regarding the response to the excitatory stimulus, delta HR after 10 seconds from stimulus presentation was significantly correlated with “Docility” (P<0.05). In conclusion, as important traits for guide dog qualification we have identified three temperament factors “Distraction”, “Sensitivity” and “Docility”, which can be assessed objectively based on measurement of HR and behavioral response at the second month of training.

Can standardized behavior tests predict suitability for use in horses?

Rachel Flentje, Emma Creighton — 2010-01-01

Standardized behavior tests have the potential to improve horse welfare by enabling selection of horses suitable for a particular role. A range of tests that make such claims are found in the scientific literature. However, with notable exceptions, authors have failed to establish the reliability of their tests or the validity of their claims. This study aimed to determine a set of reliable behavior tests based on those reported in literature; and to test the validity of these as predictors of horses' suitability as police horses.

Horse personality profiles and performance

Daša Dasha Grajfoner, Elizabeth J Austin, Françoise Wemelsfelder — 2010-01-01

Horses play a significant role in animal-assisted therapy, they are trained and employed by the police and military, and they are used in sports. In all of these situations horses' suitability and performance are fundamental. Behavioral or personality traits may determine their success. Horses used in therapy are required to be placid and calm, friendly and approachable, which may not be desirable for horses in sports. We report on the personality profiles of individual horses, rated as high and low performers by their trainers.

Salivary and fecal cortisol as measures of stress in horses

Tamsin Hughes, Emma Creighton, Rob Coleman — 2010-01-01

Valid measures of stress are needed in horses to determine over-all stress levels and to identify stress triggers, used to ensure management is kept within the animals' ability to cope and welfare is not compromised. Levels of circulating cortisol reflect HPA-axis activity, and excretion into saliva and feces allow non-invasive sampling. We validated an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for horse salivary and fecal cortisol and validated these as indicators of acute and over-all stress levels in riding horses. Saliva was swabbed every 30-minutes over three days in N=15 horses with eight in light exercise. Feces were collected from N=9 working horses on stabled workdays and at rest at grass for three consecutive weeks. Immunological validity of the ELISA was demonstrated by high specificity, accuracy, precision and sensitivity. Biological validity of salivary cortisol was demonstrated by diurnal decline and elevation post-exercise both mirroring known patterns in plasma cortisol; and by a trend towards elevation following 10minute exposure to a known stressor. Fecal cortisol was biologically validated by decline between working and rest days. Large individual differences in assay values were found and not all individuals followed the group means. Salivary cortisol was labile, and although it has a close temporal relationship to circulating cortisol, measures may be confounded by environmental disturbance, pulsatile release patterns and diurnal rhythm. Careful sampling protocols are therefore needed. Fecal cortisol as an index of circulating cortisol has a 24-hour time lag to excretion, and collection protocols must evenly sample total fecal mass due to uneven hormone distribution and be frozen immediately post-excretion to avoid degradation. With careful sampling, salivary cortisol may be used to measure acute stress responses to identify stress triggers, and fecal cortisol may be used to compare over-all stress levels over longer-term conditions.

Attention seeking behavior in dogs – what owners love and loathe!

D.S. Mills, A. Beral, S. Lawson — 2010-01-01

Attention seeking behaviors (ASBs) in the dog have received little scientific attention. Some of these behaviors may be seen as endearing while others may be more problematic. The aim of this study was to describe the range of ASBs used by dogs, assess demographic associations and differentiate those that are seen as endearing versus annoying.

Effect of kennel door design on vocalization in dogs

C.H. Beesley, D.S. Mills — 2010-01-01

Noise levels in dog kennels are a concern for those working in this environment and the dogs within, since it may cause hearing damage and public disturbance. The effect of visual contact with conspecifics and humans outside the kennel on noise levels remains unknown, and the case can be made for either clear visibility or partial occlusion of the kennel door. For example, it may be important to allow dogs to readily see what is happening to allow them to settle, but this may also increase frustration and noise as a consequence. Obscuring the bottom half of the door may reduce distraction, but may also encourage dogs to jump up in order to see what is happening.

Review: Relevance of stimuli used in canine behavioral testing with regard to proximal causality of dog bites

2010-01-01

Over the past 10 years, awareness regarding social implications of dog bites has increased. Certain canine tests gauging aggressive and social behavior claim to predict and therefore help prevent bite accidents. In this study, we investigated to what extent factors, presumably associated with dog bite accidents, are applied as test stimuli in aggressive and social behavior tests.

Assessing potential thermal stress in pigs during transport in hot weather - continuous physiological monitoring

M.A. Mitchell, P.J. Kettlewell, M. Villarroell, M. Farish, E. Harper — 2010-01-01

During road transportation livestock are exposed to a range of potential stressors that may compromise their welfare, reduce production efficiency and increase mortality. A major problem is the transport thermal micro-environment. In order to assess the physiological consequences of thermal challenges in transit it is necessary to monitor the deep body temperature of the animals in addition to other indices of physiological stress. The recording of deep body temperature (DBT) under commercial transport conditions is challenging. Radio-telemetry systems have been developed for this purpose but are often insufficiently robust for continuous use on commercial vehicles, on long journeys, under thermal stress conditions.

A comparison of puppies and adult dog in a problem solving task

C. Passalacqua, S. Marshall-Pescini, S. Barnard, P. Valsecchi, E. Prato Previde — 2010-01-01

Recently there has been a considerable increase in the number of studies on dogs' socio-cognitive abilities. As noted by , dogs are interesting study subjects for the possibility of looking at both the genetic influence on behavior by studying breed differences, and the ontogenetic factors, by taking into consideration various aspects of a dog's life history.

Domestic dogs display calming signals more frequently towards unfamiliar rather than familiar dogs

C. Mariti, F. Papi, M. Ducci, C. Sighieri, F. Martelli, A. Gazzano — 2010-01-01

describes “calming signals” as certain dog behaviors that would allow subjects receiving them to calm, avoiding open aggression. The aim of the current research is to assess whether the display of the so-called “calming signals” differs according to the familiarity of dogs involved in the meeting.

The effects of exogenous corticosteroids on dog behavior: A preliminary study

L. Notari, D. Mills — 2010-01-01

Corticosteroids are among the most prescribed drugs for pet animals. Reports of psychological or behavioral side effects are sporadic and, so far, there are no data in the literature about the incidence of behavioral problems associated with exogenous corticosteroid use in dogs. Psychological effects of exogenous corticosteroids have been described for humans and laboratory animals. Some of these side effects include anxiety, depression and increased aggression. This preliminary study sought to identify possible behavioral changes in dogs that take corticosteroids. We hoped to generate sufficient information to compile a structured questionnaire about such effects for use in a later study.

Phenotypic determination of noise reactivity in 3 breeds of working dogs: Implications for identifying genomic regions of interest

Karen L. Overall, Donna J. Dyer, Arthur E. Dunham, Soraya Juarbe-Diaz — 2010-01-01

Noise sensitivities, fears, anxieties and phobia's affect a dog's ability to function normally. For pet dogs the issue is the dog's distress. For working dogs the issue is whether reactivity interferes with the dog's ability to work. Obvious fear, hyper-reactivity or the inability to recover quickly from a fear-inducing stimulus usually eliminates a potential working dog from a program. Noise reactivity is associated and may be co-morbid with many canine and human anxiety disorders and is thought to be important in human conditions where information processing is affected. We examined noise reactivity in 3 breeds of herding dogs commonly used for work: Australian shepherds, Border collies and German shepherds. We assessed phenotypic variations of dogs with respect to noise/sound sensitivity and analyzed these behavioral phenotypes in the context of genetic polymorphisms.

Video infared thermography technique in dogs

J. Riva, S.P. Marelli, V. Redaelli, E. Sforzini, F. Luzi, W. Di Mari, M. Verga — 2010-01-01

Stress induces behavioral and physiological modifications in animals. The available biological responses include behavioral ones, as well as the activation of the autonomic, neuroendocrine and immune systems, which interact and allow the organism not to be overwhelmed by pathogenic challenges (). The main problems in measuring body and skin temperature are associated with the difficulty in recording without inducing other stress reactions due to presence of or handling by humans. Thus, infrared thermography may be useful to remotely assess skin temperature without interfering with the animal's behavioral reactions ().

Repeated assessments and other measures of canine behavior: A cautionary tale

Karen L. Overall, Donna J. Dyer, Arthur E. Dunham, Soraya Juarbe-Diaz — 2010-01-01

Behavioral assessments range from study-specific rating/scoring systems to direct observation and measurement of behavior. We discuss 4 studies in which various techniques were used, focusing on the problems with each approach.